The consent of the parents of the participating children in the study was obtained. The IRB of the faculty of Medicine had approved the study (MD/20.07.343). This study is a cross-sectional study that was conducted on ASD children aged from 2-6 years, attending the outpatient clinic of the Phoniatric unit at XXX Hospital from October 2020 to December 2022. Our study aimed to investigate whether vitamin D deficiency is a common finding in ASD children and whether such deficiency is related to ASD severity, according to DSM-V and CARS. Gopen & Mahmud proposed that “vitamin -D may be a possible environmental risk factor for ASD, as it plays a role in brain homeostasis, embryogenesis, neurodevelopmental immune modulation (including the brain immune system), antioxidants, anti-apoptosis, neural proliferation, and gene regulation”. The co-occurring impairments observed in children with autism spectrum disorder exhibit significant variability, as do their abilities. Furthermore, it is essential to note that numerous risk variables exhibit interactions during the crucial developmental period, ultimately influencing the subsequent phenotypic of individuals with autism spectrum disorder. Proposed explanations include non-causal associations, gene-related effects, oxidative stress, inflammation, hypoxia/ischemia, endocrine disruption, alterations in neurotransmitter function, and signaling pathways interference. explain the various mechanisms underlying environmental factors' relationship with ASD. Immune dysregulation may predispose to ASD by inappropriate activation of immune reactions, resulting in prolongation and persistent immune responses, autoimmunity, and neuroinflammation. Interestingly, environmental risk factors disrupt the genome-epigenome of developing neurons and trigger immune responses. It can be due to a combination of genetic, immunological, and environmental factors. ASD has been documented to manifest across many racial, cultural, and socioeconomic backgrounds. ASD exhibits a higher prevalence rate among boys compared to girls, with approximately four times as many boys being affected by the disorder. Īccording to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the prevalence of ASD is dramatically increasing it was about 1/44. The diagnosis of ASD is based on two domains, which are deficits in social communication and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior and interests. ASD now includes the previous DSM-IV (autistic disorder, Asperger’s disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified). According to the “Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition “(DSM-V), ASD is a new term that reflects a scientific consensus that three previously separate disorders are actually a single condition with different levels of severity. ConclusionĪSD children have lower serum vitamin D levels, which may be one of the environmental factors contributing to ASD development in genetically susceptible individuals, and its correction may be helpful as adjuvant therapy for ASD.Īutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is characterized by impairments in social interaction skills and communication, as well as restricted interests and repetitive stereotypic verbal and non-verbal behaviors. No correlation was found between serum vitamin D and language age (r = -0.085, P = 0.451), DSM 5 severity levels (r = 0.015, P= 0.894), and CARS scores (r= 0.075, P= 0.511). ResultsĪbout 63.8% of ASD children have vitamin D insufficiency, 28.8 % have vitamin D deficiency, and 7.4% have normal serum levels. All participants were assessed using DSM-V, the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), language assessment, and assessment of serum vitamin D using ADVIA Centaur Vit D assay. The participants were 80 Egyptian children with ASD. MethodsĪ cross-sectional observational study was conducted on ASD children aged 2-6 years. The study aimed to investigate whether vitamin D deficiency is a common finding in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) children and whether such deficiency is related to ASD severity and language age or not.
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